C-Message Weighting Messaging System (408)-377-7441 14,400 V.32/V.42bis ======================================================================= B A S E L I N E N E W S - J U L Y 1 9 9 3 Alfred Deisner, Editor ======================================================================= "News about technology and technology policy" _____________ including an electronic digest of published reports_________ This Month: =========== - Signals of Interest - EMS Jargon - Digital Cellular Jargon =========== SIGNALS OF INTEREST (MHZ) 35.020 McDonalds, 2343 Almaden Road x Almaden Expwy., San Jose 42.280 Highway Patrol, San Jose (mobile) 42.500 Highway Patrol, San Jose (base) 151.625 Stevens Creek Fire Dept., Cupertino (volunteer net) 151.805 "Rideo" Livermore Transit, Livermore 151.865 Kaiser Center, Oakland (security) 151.955 Foothill College, Los Altos Hills (maintenance) 154.540 Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk, Santa Cruz (security) 451.300 Pacific Bell, San Jose (cable maintenance splicers) 451.300 Pacific Bell, Monterey County (cable maintenance splicers) 461.100 Macworld, 501 2nd, San Francisco (simplex) 461.150 Nat'l Semiconductor, Santa Clara (paging: used for ERT dispatch) 461.600 Dassel's Propane Supply, Hollister 462.200 New United Motors Inc., Fremont (production line) 463.775 Alexian Brothers Hospital, San Jose (maintenance) 464.450 Monterey Bay Security Co., Monterey 464.775 Rickey's Hyatt House, Palo Alto 855.7375 A¤o Nuevo State Beach, Pescadero, San Mateo County coast 855.7375 Big Basin State Park, Boulder Creek 928.1563 San Jose Water Company, system telemetry (transducers) 928.5687 San Jose Water Company, system telemetry (transducers) 952.1563 San Jose Water Company, system telemetry (net hub) 952.5687 San Jose Water Company, system telemetry (net hub) "COUNTY SCHOOLS, BUS 76, 10-7" For years, (Santa Clara County) Office of Education buses transported handicapped individuals to and from classes. A flurry of bus calls went over County Frequency 18 (155.985) on mornings and afternoons of school days. On rainy days, the channel was often non-stop. Some of these individuals were transported on behalf of school districts. School districts contracted with the Office of Education to provide transportation services. An Office of Education spokesperson says the cost of these services "became prohibitive" and about three quarters of the hundred or so drivers have lost their jobs. Many of the buses, some as new as 1992 models, will be auctioned on July 10th. Some districts will provide their own bus services while others will contract with private companies to transport the handicapped. About one fourth of the drivers who transport children living in institutional homes will continue providing service under a state contract in September. That's why Frequency 18 is so quiet... TERRIBLE AUDIO AWARD Our "Terrible Audio Award" goes to Santa Clara County Communications, Frequency 10, (158.820 MHz). The voting system produces consistently unintelligible audio. Over the years, GSA Communications has done a remarkable job of integrating a quilt of mismatched pieces into a very coherent, functional communications network. Frequency 10 needs work. LOW POWER BUSINESS While we don't have many receiver channels to work with, we periodically check the high band low power business channels: 154.570 and 154.600 MHz. A smorgasboard of business users, drive-through restaurants, apartment complexes, surveyors, schools, and private investigators, haunt these frequencies. With Home Base, Fry's and other retailers selling 1 watt hand held radios for less than $200.00, there are certainly hundreds of unlicensed users in the Bay Area. You will be surprised how many people living near you use these to keep track of kids and family members or for other personal communications. There really is a demand for PCS-type services. A signal from the East Bay has been retransmitting police frequencies on them. High school-age kids use them for questionable or illegal activities. Check them around dinner time any day and on weekends. If you drive a patrol car with a scanner, be sure to try them. You never know what you might stumble across... FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RADIO FREQUENCY COORDINATION Land mobile frequencies used by the federal government are assigned and managed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). The Interagency Radio Assignment Committee (IRAC) authorizes the use of federal land mobile channels by U.S. Government agencies. As with Federal Communications Commission authorizations, some channels are dedicated to specific agencies or departments while others are pooled or shared. Technical station parameters for equipment and spacing between co-channel users in federal spectrum are determined in standards developed by NTIA engineers. NTIA conducts hardware, system, and propagation analyses in order to create guidelines for federal frequency assignments. NTIA's standards development and propagation studies are conducted from an office in Boulder, Colorado. SCRATCHY RECEPTION AT 800 MHZ New cellular telephones, 800- and 900-MHz mobile two-way radios come with a low-loss antenna cable and special connectors. Why? Because cables used at lower frequencies have poor insertion loss at 800 MHz and up. Many connectors you find for LANs or CB radios become impedance nightmares at 800 MHz. Adapters made for lower frequencies also work poorly at 800 MHz and above. Using RG58-type cables at 800 MHz can mean less signal gets through to the radio than would using the telescoping antenna on the radio. For optimum reception, get a low-loss cable with the right connector for your radio. Use silver-plated connectors with Teflon dielectric to get the best reception at 800 MHz. MORE BOOKS FOR YOUR REFERENCE LIBRARY Cardiff Publishing Company offers a line of technical books that may help your endeavors. WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS HANDBOOK ($25) features reprints of articles from RF DESIGN. The book includes information on Part 15 devices and complex modulation methods. ANTENNA ENGINEERING HANDBOOK by Richard C. Johnson and Henry Jasik ($119.50) describes antenna theory used in a variety of antennas from LF to microwave. ANTENNA IMPEDANCE MATCHING ($15) helps with information on transmission lines and reading Smith charts. Cardiff Publishing Co., Attention: Circulation, 6300 S. Syracuse Way #650, Englewood, Colorado (800) 525-9154. For those who make antennas a hobby, the Amateur Radio Relay League offers a number of reasonably-priced books in the hobbyists' range. EMS JARGON We got a list of emergency medical system verbiage and discussed their meanings with an individual who works for Regional Ambulance and an emergency medical technician (EMT) credentialed CHP officer. Many of you already know this information but to those who do not, read on. A.O.#: Ambulance Order number (or "Code 11" in Santa Clara County). Abrasion: an external injury where a rough surface injures the skin in a manner like sandpaper would. Airway: a tube placed into the patient's throat that keeps the breathing passage open and/or prevents oxygen or rescue breathing air from inflating the stomach. Air/oxygen goes only into the lungs and the esophagus is blocked. This is usually used on unconscious patients because conscious ones vomit when you put something in their throat. Apnea: the absence of breathing. Ambulatory: patient able to walk - able to ambulate. Amputation: removal of a patient's extremity. Avulsion: a tissue partly or completely torn off by a mechanical injury such as an avulsed ear lobe. Bradycardia: heart rate is slower than normal. C-Spine: "cervical spine"- the top seven vertebrae in the neck area. Injuries in this area are life-threatening because they could sever the spinal cord. A general goal is to keep the neck in a fixed position if injuries are suspected. In response to the command, "don't move your neck" the patient invariably nods. Chief Complaint: primary problem that resulted in the patient requesting treatment. Contusion: (con-too-zhun) a bruise. CPR: cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The patient is no longer alive and chest compressions as well as rescue breathing are being used in an attempt to revive the patient. Cyanotic: (pronounced sigh-an-ot-ick) means the patient's skin is unusually blue; caused by lack of oxygen. Defibrillator: EMT-Defibrillator: (or EMT-D) a microprocessor-controlled defibrillator that senses the patient's heart rhythm. In some situations, the heart beats in a non-productive way so that insignificant or no blood flow is generated. This is called "fibrillation." The defibrillator shocks the heart muscle, stopping it momentarily, so that a normal heartbeat will resume. Paramedics: paramedics have more skills and use a different defibrillator that incorporates more features or treatment options. Direct Pressure: when an artery is bleeding EMS providers press against the wound or an "upstream" artery to reduce blood loss. ETOH: intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol. Full Arrest: The patient's heart is not beating. Gurney: the wheeled stretcher used to move the patient. I.V.: an intra-veinous solution; common types are "D5W" (5% dextrose in water), lactated ringers (usually used to build volume because of a patient's blood loss), saline solution (for infusion of medications); see T.K.O. Jaundice: means the patient's skin and/or eyes are unusually yellow. Ked Sled: a scoop stretcher that splits into two halves. It is slipped under a patient and snapped together in order to "scoop" them up. Also called a scoop stretcher. Labored Respirations: patient must exert a great deal of effort to breathe; S.O.B. L.O.C.: loss-of-consciousness or (more frequently) level-of-consciousness. Load and go: the patient's injuries require hospital-level care to improve his/her condition. The ambulance personnel's primary goal is to get to the hospital with the patient immediately. Lumbar: relating to the lower back. MAST Helicopter: Military Assistance to Safety and Transportation - military ambulance helicopter (UH-1) from Fort Ord. MAST trousers: Military Anti-Shock Trousers are inflatable trousers that force blood from the legs into the upper body. This is used to get blood to the vital organs in cases where the patient has lost significant amounts of blood. Non-ambulatory: patient cannot walk. Oriented times _____ (1,2,3,or 4): patient is aware of (1) what they were/are doing, (2) what time and day it is, (3) their own identity, and (4) their location. Oriented times four means the patient knows all four. The number is the sum of correct answers. For example, a patient knows, "My name is Joe Smith and I remember that I was riding my bicycle." The patient does not know where they are or what time or day it is and is therefore oriented times two. Oxygen via Cannula: oxygen is administered through a two-prong nasal cannula in situations where low flows are required and the patient breathes on their own. Oxygen via Mask: oxygen is administered through a mask in situations where high flows are required but the patient breathes on their own. Oxygen via Positive Pressure: the patient has oxygen administered under pressure through a mask or airway in situations where the patient is in respiratory distress or not breathing on their own. P.E.R.L.: pupils are equal in size and react to light. Posturing: response to pain where the patient's arms, legs, hands, and/or feet move inappropriately in response to certain stimulus. Is an indicator of certain types of injuries. Respiratory distress: difficulty breathing. Responsive to painful stimulus: a patient with a lower-than-normal level of consciousness can be evaluated in part by checking to see if there is a response to pain. A common way to do this is to rub the patient's sternum with the sharp point of the EMS-provider's knuckles. This should cause a grimace, moan, or some similar response. S.O.B.: shortness of breath; short of breath Scoop: a stretcher that splits into two halves. It is slipped under a patient and snapped together in order to "scoop" them up. Also called a Ked Sled. Seizure: or seizure activity usually refers to uncontrolled muscle activity associated with a diminished level-of-consciousness. Two common causes of seizures are epilepsy and (in young children) febrile seizures are caused by a high-grade fever. Splint: a rigid material used to immobilize broken bones in order to prevent further tissue damage or injury. Stokes: a basket-like stretcher used in rescue situations where the non- ambulatory patient must be transported over rough terrain or up/down a cliff. Suction: a device used to remove foreign matter such as vomit or blood from the patient's mouth in order to prevent it from blocking breathing. Tachycardia: (pronounced tack-ee-car-dee-ya) heart rate is faster than normal. Thoracic/Thorax: relating to the middle back T.K.O.: means "to keep open"; a routine, precautionary I.V. started in case physicians decide a drug must be administered immediately. Traction Splint: a splint that pulls on the end of a broken leg. This is most often used for a broken leg above the knee and results in greatly-reduced pain for the patient. Traumatic full arrest: a full arrest as the result of an impact, fall, or mechanical injury. Witnessed arrest: someone saw the patient "go down" and there is some idea of how long the patient was not breathing. Work-up: stabilizing the patient for transport using drugs or other measures or treatment. WARNING: This is a general overview of terms and should NEVER be considered as medical advice or the basis for any type of treatment. Treatment for injuries is based on extensive training and formal medical protocols. The above is intended only as a reference to help radio listeners understand what EMS providers are doing. Trained persons should perform first aid only at their level of training. The American Red Cross offers an excellent variety of classes to teach you multi-media to advanced first aid and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Local Community colleges offer emergency medical technician courses. Take them if you have more than a passing interest: if you would like to help rather than drive-by an accident scene. DIGITAL CELLULAR JARGON The present analog FM advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) system is being "improved" by several methods that will mainly mean more calls can be compressed into the existing spectrum. The cellular companies say service will be better. There seems to be a consensus that audio quality will change and your mileage may vary. Tests of both time-division multiple access (TDMA) and carrier-division multiple access (CDMA) show that customers generally do not notice any degradation in the new systems. Some carriers are trying one of the above methods, some will offer compatibility with several. Certainly, analog FM phones will be around for awhile yet. Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) is an immediate measure to increase spectral efficiency proposed by Motorola and incorporated into existing Motorola phones. It merely changes the modulation and narrows the channel spacing to fit more channels into the existing space. It still uses FM and call setup/transport is identical to AMPS. TDMA is described in Cellular Telephone Industry Association Standard IS-54. If you speak "engineerese", you can order a copy of STD-IS-54 for $99 from CTIA. In a TDMA system, the existing channels are split into 3.2 time slices. In other words, during busy periods each channel is shared by 3.2 callers. The system quickly switches between callers so that each occupies the channel for about one third of the time. The transmitted signals change from analog FM to a digital modulation scheme and channel spacing remains 30 kilohertz. CDMA divides the cellular spectrum into segments just over 1 megahertz wide. The segments are divided into pilot signals, synchronization, paging, and call traffic. Vocoders, the devices that change analog voice to a stream of bits, change data rates automatically to account for changes and pauses in speech or periods of silence. CDMA vocoders will have four data rates: 1, 2, 4, and 8 kilobits-per-second. It is essential to cram as much data into available bandwidth as is possible. If you have ever seen a carrier displayed on a spectrum analyzer, you know that a strong signal is very wide while a weak signal is usually narrow. This is the easiest way to show why power control is critical in CDMA. Power control on the forward and reverse channels is faster and more frequent than in AMPS systems. Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) will initially works as a transparent overlay to the present analog FM AMPS service. CDPD uses channels in inverse order from the mobile telephone switching office (MTSO). In other words, the last channel on the MTSO list of available channels (for the appropriate port or sector) is the first one selected for CDPD use. The system will move RSA-encrypted data at 19,200 baud with a clear-text throughput of about 9,600 baud. On power-up, CDPD transceivers send a handshake packet to the CDPD system controller or Intermediate System (IS). With automatic authentication, the current problems with cellular service theft should be entirely avoided. Companies are developing proprietary ways of tracking moving CDPD transceivers but they are expected to be similar to current cellular telephones. That is, equipment periodically checks in to tell the system what cell it is in. When the system goes out to look for an individual transceiver, it checks cells beginning with the unit's most recent check-in location. The transition to digital cellular is expected to increase CDPD data rates to 57,600 baud or more. Now you know a little more about the invisible parts of cellular telephones. SOUTH WELLFLEET WIRELESS South Wellfleet Wireless sounds like an organization on the FBI's list of "fringe" groups. It's really the place from which the first trans-Atlantic radio signal was sent. If you are in Massachusetts this summer or fall, consider a stop at South Wellfleet, located in Cape Cod National Seashore. In January, 1903, G. Marconi fired up his 30,000 watt spark-gap transmitter and made contact with a similar station in Poldhu, England. The station had four 210-foot wooden towers with long-wire antennas. Two kerosine- fueled engines produced 2,200 volts that was applied to a Tesla transformer to produce 35,000 volts. The spark could be heard as far as four miles away. Ninety years ago, the first trans-Atlantic radio transmission took place. Today, we routinely listen to the space shuttle on local amateur repeaters, dial calls to nearly anywhere in the world, and watch live television broadcasts from the opposite side of the globe. Radio has come a long way in ninety years... And Marconi didn't even have an engineering degree. GOVERNMENT PHONES - YOU CAN'T GET THERE FROM HERE A U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) study shows that Social Security Administration's (SSA) nationwide 800-number has an overall busy rate of about 25%. In addition, GAO found that many calls to SSA were disconnected, call-forwarded, or transferred to answering devices. In fact, 56% of calls GAO employees placed to SSA offices did not go through for the above reasons. In a recent attempt to contact a federal agency that was not listed in our local directory, we called the U.S. Government's general information 800- number. The number announces a series recordings that answer the four most-frequently asked questions about the federal government -- including tax and immigration questions. "If you have other questions, press 5 now," the voice prompted. When we pressed 5, a special information tone was followed by "Your call cannot be completed as dialed..." There was no way to report the trouble because we couldn't get past the automated attendant... Highway Patrol Emergency, hold please... Two recent 911 calls we placed ended up in an automatic call distribution cue. We listened impatiently to report our emergency while the ACD announcement told us that "all operators are busy". We have heard reports that calls from freeway call boxes sometimes time-out before anyone answers. TOWING SOFTWARE BLD Enterprises offers a DOS Tow Service Management System. The system can accommodate up to 500 trucks and drivers. It handles dispatching, ticket tracking, tow truck service scheduling, and police rotation list calls. If you want to computerize your towing company, call BLD at (713) 681-7772. Tracker Management Systems is offering a new automated tow dispatch facility for tow companies. In the new system, the local auto club or police send your shop dispatch PC computer data like the call location and other pertinent information. The call information appears on the screen and the dispatcher selects a single key to route the call to a specific driver. The driver is automatically paged with the location of the call on his/her alphanumeric pager. (800) 445-2438, (216) 786-1500 or (216) 582- 4435. MacinTow computer software for the towing industry runs on -- no kidding -- Macintosh computers and DOS machines with Microsoft Windows. It's touted as being easy to use. To find out more, call (800) 484-9328 ext. 3959 or (713) 383-3477. We have often heard of computers "crashing" but never of software being towed. SMOG CHECK SWEEP: 32 ARRESTED After a six-month investigation, state Bureau of Automotive Repair (BAR) investigators arrested 32 Smog Check program mechanics and station owners in December. The suspects were charged with felony fraud for allegedly giving out smog certificates to autos that did not pass or were not tested. In some cases, technicians were allegedly entering vehicle identification numbers of improperly-equipped vehicles or vehicles with defective emissions systems and then connecting the analyzer to a second car with known-good emission controls. BAR believes that 80% of 116,000 smog certificates issued by the 24 involved stations during 1992 were fraudulent according to the CALIFORNIA REGULATORY LAW REPORTER. SPECIALTY TOOLS Jensen Tools offers quite a collection of tools for field technical work. When the kids attach a magnet to the face of your new SVGA display, order #60B317 degaussing coil ($38.00). Portable test equipment such as Fluke DVMs and Tektronix battery-powered portable oscilloscopes are available. The same telephone lineman's test set used by Pacific Bell employees, the Harris Dracon TS-21, is offered at $195.00. Jensen sells The Micro House ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HARD DRIVES for $189.00. It claims complete information on hard drives including obsolete drives and drives made by manufacturers that have gone out of business. (CSC offers a less comprehensive HARD DISK BIBLE -- including an instructional video tape and Seagate technical support software -- for $39.00) Jensen Tools, Inc., 7815 South 46th Street, Phoenix, Arizona, 85044-5399 Questions: (602) 968-6231 Orders: (800) 426-1194 Fax: (800) 366-9662 EUROPEAN TRUCKS, TELEPHONES, AND TAXES The European Community (EC) has voted to deregulate telecommunications in Europe by 1998. Many EC countries currently operate their internal telephone network as a component of their national post office. By 1998, private companies will compete with state-owned utilities. Telecommunications in each EC member state will be opened to competition in a manner remotely similar to the breakup of AT&T. Some small countries will be given an additional five years to deregulate communications. The EC has also reached agreement on truck road-use taxes. Starting 1 January, 1995, truck operators in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Holland, and Luxembourg will pay a highway use fee and receive a sticker. Currently, road use taxes vary a lot between countries. A forty-ton truck now pays US $6,200.00/year to use German roads but only US $1,765.00/year to use Dutch roads. Matthias Wissmann, German Minister of Transportation, estimates that German truckers will pay half the present amount in 1995. ONE DOLLAR COINS TO RETURN? The Susan B. Anthony coins introduced in 1979 may be reintroduced. A U.S. General Accounting Office reports says that nearly $400 million could be saved annually through changes to existing coinage. A one-dollar coin was successfully introduced in Canada in recent years. USGS MENLO PARK VISUALIZATION WORKSHOP The United States Geological Survey Western Region Headquarters in Menlo Park will hold a workshop on scientific visualization. The workshop will take place on September 15, 16, and 17, showcasing the visualization efforts of USGS employees. Media used in visualizations include maps, animation, and multi-media. Attendance will be limited to 35 persons. The workshop will be open to city, county, state, and federal government employees, universities, and industry by invitation only. If you wish to attend, you must contact Carol Lawson, MS-870, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, Email: clawson@isdmnl.wr.usgs.gov (415) 329- 4030 GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, as you read this, is out there orbiting the earth. According to Stanford University's CAMPUS REPORT, bursts of gamma rays in space were discovered in the 1970s. The Department of Defense (DOD) had placed satellites in orbit to monitor gamma rays generated from nuclear explosions on earth and discovered the natural bursts. Data from the Compton Observatory show seemingly-random gamma ray bursts spread out over the sky in all directions. People who had theories about the sources of these radiation bursts have gone back to their computers scratching their heads. If these bursts are coming from outside of our galaxy, more than thirty thousand light years distance, they must be very powerful. In fact, they would be producing more energy in ten seconds than our sun produces in tens of thousands of years. RELAX, SOVIET-BUILT NUCLEAR REACTORS ARE IN GOOD HANDS The 1992 annual report for EG&G quotes the Chief Manager of Bulgaria's Kozloduy nuclear power plant as follows: "By Western standards, we're driving this reactor blindly. We have no computers telling us what's going on inside of it or controlling the process..." In 1991, Russian technicians were angered because the Bulgarian government stopped paying them. They walked out of the power plant control room and took all of the operating manuals with them. EG&G goes on to tell us the Polish publication ZYCIE WARSZAWY claims that holes in the burned-out Chernobyl Unit 4 reactor sarcophagus allow birds, rats, and "unusually-large" mosquitoes to enter. The fuel in the reactor turned into thirty five tons of highly-radioactive dust. Occasionally, dust escapes and blows around the plant site. Some fear the sarcophagus will collapse releasing the dust into the atmosphere. We're glad that US reactors have much safer control systems. Still, a problem the magnitude of Chernobyl's is not entirely contained within any one country's borders. We wish the Bulgarians the best of luck at driving with poor visibility. SURPLUS MILITARY PROPERTY MADE AVAILABLE TO FEDERAL AGENCIES Imagine being able to increase your agency's efficiency cheaply! If you are an employee of a U.S. Government agency and need additional tools to perform your work, consider contacting the Department of Defense. Base closings in the Bay Area mean that military elements have surplus computers, desks, tools, projectors, VCRs -- just about anything. Some of the materials are brand new and available at a small fraction of the original purchase price. A manager in your agency must sign forms to procure the materials. To find out what is available and how to get it, call Drew Della Vale or Madeline Woods, DMRO, Room 107, Building 7, 620 Central Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501 (510) 273-6328. Persons who are not U.S. Government employees cannot obtain property by calling the above number. Federal law requires that materials be made available to the public through DOD's formal auctions and will not be released or sold by DMRO through other means. DISINFORMATION Previously, we have published several corrections to news articles. Corrections to erroneous information previously printed in BASELINE News or your editorials rebutting our position are welcome! The message areas are available now for your input. One caller this month noted that a Social Security card is one acceptable form of Social Security identification to the Department of Motor Vehicles. DMV will also accept a Medicare card as valid proof of your Social Security number. Apparently, other forms are being accepted in some cases. Telephone or visit your DMV office to get further information. THOUGHTS for March... --------------------- "The F-22 represents the first acquisition of a weapon system with an up- front statement in the design criteria that the Air Force would, to the greatest extent possible, minimize the use of hazardous materials in design, operation, and maintenance." Robert Ely "Psychological change always lags behind technological change." Professor Sir Michael Howard "Amateurs talk about strategy while professionals talk about logistics." military aphorism "The `average cost per flight' for the space shuttle, which NASA pegged at $413 million in fiscal year 1993, includes most costs for shuttle operations but omits $30.2 billion spent... to develop the shuttle as well as more than $1 billion that will be needed for future shuttle upgrades..." General Accounting Office _____________________________________________________________________ Thanks to individuals who contributed information for Baseline News. _____________________________________________________________________ Baseline news is not affiliated with Bay Area Scanner Enthusiasts (BASE). Baseline News (C) Copyright 1992 C-Message Weighting Messaging System (408)-377-7441 1200/2400/9600/14400 baud. As long as you distribute this file in its entirety, (including this statement) it is okay to redistribute, print, or copy this file for any lawful purpose without other restrictions. Please note that system disclaimers described in Bulletin 1 section apply to newsletter contents. (end)